Additional financial transactions as an exception to the pro rata calculation

Entrepreneurs who provide both taxable and untaxed services have their right to deduct VAT limited by a pro rata calculation, but there are exceptions in the VAT Directive for certain activities.
One such exception concerns additional financial transactions, which has not been included in the VAT Act in the Netherlands. The scope of this exception is examined by VAT specialists Simon Cornielje and Werner Gelderblom in an article, where they conclude that group financing activities are economic activities and can be taxed unless they are comparable to activities of a private investor.
The authors also provide criteria for determining whether an activity has a direct, lasting, and necessary requirement for the taxable activity.
Finally, they recommend implementing the exception in a nuanced manner in the VAT Act.